96 Norma Deitch Feshbach, “Empathy, Empathy Training and the Regulation of Aggression in Elementary School Children,” Editors, R. M. Kaplan, Vladimir J. Konecni, and Raymond W. Novaco, Aggression in Children and Youth-1984, pp 192–208; Norma Deitch Feshbach, “Empathy Training: A Field Study in Affective Education.” In Aggression and Behavior Change: Biological and Social Processes, edited by Seymour Feshbach and Adam Fraczek. New York: Praeger, 1979; Norma Deitch Feshbach, “Learning to Care: A Positive Approach to Child Training and Discipline.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 12 (1983): 266–71. 97 Research Project on Gratitude and Thanksgiving required several hundred people in three different groups to keep daily diaries. The first group kept a diary of daily events; the second their unpleasant experiences; the third a daily list of things for which they were grateful. R. A. Emmons and M.E. McCullough, “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: Experimental Studies of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389. 98 Research on benefits of gratitude described by Rick Hanson, Resilient: How to Grow an Unshakable Core of Calm, Strength and Happiness, NY: Harmony Books, 2018, p. 96. 99 Grace Hauck, “Gratitude Is Good for Heart Health,” USA TODAY, Nov. 29, 2019. 100 S. Konrath, E. O’Brien and C. Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Meta-Analysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review. (2011) 15(2) 180–198. 101 Jonathan D. Haidt, “Wired to Be Inspired,” p. 86–93. Edited by Dacher Keltner, Jason Marsh and Jeremy Adam Smith, The Compassionate Instinct. NY: WW. Norton & Company, 2010. 102 Damon E. Jones, Mark Greenberg, Max Crowley, “Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship Between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness,” American Journal of Public Health, 2015; e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302630 103 Ervin Staub, The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults and Groups Help and Harm Others. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 104 Emily E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith. Journeys from Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Resilience, and Recovery. New York, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 105 Elizabeth Smart, Ibid, p. 6 106 Elizabeth Smart, Ibid, p. 61 107 Elizabeth Smart, Ibid, p. 281 108 David Comer Kidd And Emanuele Castano. “Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind,” Science, October 2013. 109 Raymond A. Mar, et al. “Exposure to Media and Theory-of-Mind Development in Preschoolers,” Cognitive Development (2009), doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.11.002 110 Katrina Schumann, Jamil Zaki, and Carol S. Dweck. “Addressing the Empathy Deficit: Beliefs About the Malleability of Empathy Predict Effortful Responses When Empathy Is Challenging.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 3 (2014): 475–93. 111 Ezra Stotland, “Exploratory Investigations of Empathy,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. by Leonard Berkowitz, vol. 4 (New York: Academic Press, 1969), pp. 271–313. 112 Amit Kumar and Nicholas Epley, “Undervaluing Gratitude: Expressers Misunderstand the Consequences of Showing Appreciation,” Psychological Science, 2018, 1–13, doi: 10.1177/0956797618772506 113 Jamil Zaki, The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. NY: Crown, 2019, p. 6. 114 Derrick Bryson Taylor and Neil Vigdor, “School Violence: Footage Shows Coach Disarming Student,” The New York Times, October 20, 2019. 115 Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee, “Interventions Show to Aid Executive Function Development in Children 4–12 Years Old,” Science, 2011, Aug 19: 333(6045): 959–964, doi: 10.1126/science.1204529 116 Alissa J. Mrazek, et al. “Expanding Minds: Growth Mindsets of Self-Regulation and the Influences on Effort and Perseverance” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.79, Nov 2018, 164–180, https://www.cmhp.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/2018–12/Mrazek%20et%20al.%20%282018%29%20Expanding%20Minds.pdf 117 Jonah Lehrer, “Don’t! The Secret of Self-Control,” The New Yorker, May 18, 2009. 118 Angela L. Duckworth and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents.” Psychol Sci. 2005 Dec;16(12):939–44. 119 Terrie E. Moffitt, et al. “A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, And Public Safety,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2011, 108 (7) 2693–2698; DOI:10.1073/pnas.1010076108 120 Terrie E. Moffitt, et al., “A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth and Public Safety,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2011. Vol. 108, p. 2693–2698. 121 M. M. Martel et al. “Childhood and Adolescent Resiliency, Regulation, And Executive Functioning in Relation To Adolescent Problems and Competence In A High-Risk Sample,” 2007. Dev Psychopathol. 19(2):541–63; N. Eisenberg, T. L. Spinrad, and N. D. Eggum. 2010. “Emotion-Related Self-Regulation and Its Relation To Children’s Maladjustment.” Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 27;6:495–525. 122 Kathleen Ries Merikangas, et al, “Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U. S. Adolescents: Results from the National comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatriy. Vol 49, Issue 10, October 2010, pp 980–989.http://doi.org/10/1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017. 123 American Psychological Association: “Stress in America: Generation Z” Stress in America Survey, October 2018. 124 Jean Twenge, et. al “Age, Period and Cohort Trends in Mood Disorder Indicators and Suicide-Related Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Dataset, 2006–2017,” J Abrnorm Psychol. 2019 Apr: 128(3); 185–199. doi: 10.1037/abn0000410. Epub 2019 Mar 14. 125 Jonah Lehrer, “Don’t!” The Secret of Self-Control,” The New Yorker, May 18. 2009 (Walter Mischel study) 126 Will Knight, “’Info-Mania’ Dents IQ More Than Marijuana,” Aril 22, 2005, NewScientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7298-info-mania-dents-iq-more-than-marijuana/ 127 Adam Gorlick, “Media Multitaskers Pay Mental Price, Stanford Study Shows,” Stanford News, Aug. 24, 2009, https://news.stanford.edu/2009/08/24/multitask-research-study-082409/ 128 Sofie Bates, “A Decade of Data Reveals That Heavy Multitaskers Have Reduced Memory, Stanford Psychologist Says,” Stanford News Oct 25, 2018, https://news.stanford.edu/2018/10/25/decade-data-reveals-heavy-multitaskers-reduced-memory-psychologist-says/ 129 Common Sense Media, “New Report Finds Teens Feel Addicted to Their Phones, Causing Tension at Home,” May 3, 2016. Based on survey of 1,240 parents and kids from the same households (620 parents, 620 kids, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/about-us/news/press-releases/new-report-finds-teens-feel-addicted-to-their-phones-causing-tension- at-home 130 Tim Elmore, “I’d Rather Lose My Ford or My Finger Than My Phone,” HuffPost, May 4, 2014, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/id-rather-lose-my-ford-or-my-finger-than-my-phone_b_4896134?ec_carp=5438723550604748745 131 Andrew Przybylski & Netta Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How The Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-To-Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, no, 3, (2012): 237–246. 132 NPR: All Things Considered: ‘The Shallows’: This is Your Brain Online, June 2, 2010, research from Nicholas Carr, author of The Shallows. 133 Pamela Paul, “Tutors for Toddlers,” TIME, Nov. 21, 2007, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1686826,00.html 134 Peter Adamson, UNICEF Office of Research, “Child Well-Being in Rich Countries: A Comparative Overview, Innocenti Report Card II, https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf 135 Thomas S. Dee and Hans Henrik Sievertsen, “The Gift of Time? School Starting Age and Mental Health,” NBER Working Paper No. 21610, Oct 2015, JEL No. I1, I1, https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/WP15–08.pdf 136 Timothy J. Layton, “Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Month of School Enrollment,” N Engl J Med, 2018: 2122–2130. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1806828 137 Erika Christakis, “The New Preschool Is Crushing Kids,” Jan/Feb 2016, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/01/the-new-preschool-is-crushing-kids/419139/ 138 William Doyle, “This is Why Finland Has the Best Schools,” The Sydney Morning Herald, Mar 26, 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/national/this-is-why-finland-has-the-best-schools-20160325-gnqv9l.html 139 Olivia Goldhill, “Homework Around the World: How Much Is Too Much?” The Telegraph, Mar 25, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/11453912/Homework-around-the-world-how-much-is-too-much.html 140 Elsie M. Taveras, et al. “Prospective Study of Insufficient Sleep and Neurobehavioral Functioning Among School-Age Children” Academic Pediatrics, Volume 17, Issue 6, 625–632. 141 June J. Pilcher, Drew M. Morris, Janet Donnelly and Hayley B. Feigl, “Interactions Between Sleep Habits and Self-Control,” Front. Hum. Neurosci, (11) May 2015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00284 142 Cari Gillen-O’Neel, Virginia W. Huynh and Andrew J. Fuligni. “To Study or to Sleep? The Academic Costs of Extra Studying at the Expense of Sleep,” Child Development, Aug 2012. 143 Michal Kahn, Shimrit Fridenson, Reut Lerer, Yair Bar-Haim, Avi Sadeh. “Effects of One Night of Induced Night-Wakings Versus Sleep Restriction On Sustained Attention and Mood: A Pilot Study.” Sleep Medicine, 2014; 15 (7): 825 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.016 144 Boston College: TIMSS & PRLS International Study Center “TIMSS2011” International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013. 145 Ruthann Richter, “Among Teens, Sleep Derivation an Epidemic,” Stanford Medicine, Oct 8, 2015, https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/10/among-teens-sleep-deprivation-an-epidemic.html 146 Rhonda Clements, “An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play,” Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 5 (2004): 68–80. 147 Daniel Goleman, Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence. New York: HarperCollins, 2013. 148 Phone interview with Katherine Lewis on August 7, 2019. 149 C. E. Kerr, “Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Anticipatory Alpha Modulation in Primary Somatosensory Cortex,” Brain Research Bulletin 85, no. 3–4 (May 2011): 96–103. 150 A. Moore, T. Gruber, J. Derose, and P. Malinowki, “Regular, Brief Mindfulness Meditation Practice Improves Electrophysiological Markers of Attention Control,” Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 6 (February 10, 2012): 18. Doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00018. 151 F. Zeidan, S. K. Johnson, B. J. Diamond, Z. David and P. Gollkasian, “Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognitive: Evidence of Brief Mental Training,” Consciousness and Cognition 19, no. 2 (June 2010): 597–605. 152 Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl et al. “Enhancing Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development Through a Simple-to-Administer Mindfulness-Based School Program for Elementary School Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Developmental Psychology, 2015; 51 (1): 52 DOI: 10.1037/a0038454 153 Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test: Understanding Self-Control and How to Master It. NY: Bantam Press, 2014. 154 Juliana Menasce Horowitz and Nikki Graf, “Most U. S. Teens See Anxiety and Depression as a Major Problem Among Their Peers,” Pew Research Center, Feb. 20, 2019. 155 Alan N. Simmons, et al. “Altered Insula Activation in Anticipation Of Changing Emotional States: Neural Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Flexibility In Special Operations Forces Personnel,” Neuroreport, 2012 Mar 7;23(4):234–9. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283503275. 156 “Boomerang Generation, Returning to the Nest,” Ameritrade, May 2019, https://s2.q4cdn.com/437609071/files/doc_news/research/2019/Boomerang-Generation-Returning-to-the-Nest.pdf. Survey by The Harris Poll on behalf of TD Ameritrade from February 28 – March 14, 2019, among 3,054 U.S. adults and teens ages 15 and older. 157 Jean M. Twenge, iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood. New York: Atria Books, 2017, p 45–46. 158 Schulman, M. and Mekler, E. Bringing Up a Moral Child. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1985, p. 20. “STAR” (Stop, Think, Act Right) developed by Michele Borba, Building Moral Intelligence, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004. 159 Phelps, No Limits, p. 133 160 Phelps. No Limits, p. 20 161 Phelps, No Limits, p. 146–147 162 Phelps, No Limits, p. 135 163 Margaret Loftus, “How a Gap Year Can Make Students Successful,” US News& World Report, Sep 23, 2014, https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2014/09/23/how-a-gap-year-can-make-students-successful 164 Kirsten Weir, “The Power of Self-Control,” American Psychological Association, Jan. 2012, Vol 43, No. 1, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/01/self-control 165 Description of the history day project from Jack Mayer, Life in a Jar: The Irena Sendler Project. Middlebury, Vermont: Long Trail Press, 2011, pp. 6–7 and personal interview with Megan Stewart Felt in Flint, Michigan.